公文写作中准确选词的方法
本帖最后由 山东老秘 于 2012-6-25 05:27 编辑准确是公文语言的第一要素和本质要求。公文语言的其他特点都是以它为前提的。公文要求用最准确的语言、最精炼的文字来表达发文机关的意图。只有语言准确的公文才能如实反映客观事物 ,如实传达发文机关的意图 ,使收文机关正确地理解公文的内容 ,从而顺利地贯彻执行或及时批复。公文语言一旦出现不准确 ,轻则败坏机关名誉 ,重则给工作带来不可弥补的损失。人常说:一字入公文 ,九牛拔不出 ,这充分说明语言的准确在公文当中的极端重要性。语言的建筑材料是词语 ,语言正是由词语按照一定的语法规则组合起来进行交际的 ,因此 ,从词语的选用着手确保表达意图与表达效果的高度一致 ,对公文撰写者来说十分重要。
一、区别词语的理性义
词义中同概念有关的意义部分叫做理性义。理性义的作用在于给词所联系的事物划一个范围 ,凡是该词所指的事物都包括在内 ,凡不是该词所指的事物都不包括在内。我国语言词汇非常丰富 ,同义词、近义词很多 ,如果不加区别随意使用 ,很容易出现表达不准确的问题。
辨析词义首先应辨析词类 ,准确理解词语概念的内涵与外延 ,选用适当的搭配对象。如一份材料中有这样一句话:“国境口岸卫生监督员 ,经卫生检疫机关推荐 ,省、市、自治区卫生行政主管部门审核 ,由中华人民共和国卫生部委任。”这里的“审核 ”显然使用不当。“审核 ”用于对书面材料或数字材料的审查核定 ,如“审核预算 ”、“审核报表 ”等 , “卫生监督员 ”是人 ,对人的鉴别应用“审查 ”或“考核 ”才对。又如教育部《关于高等教育自学考试试行办法 》(选自 l981年第 l号《国务院公报 》)中有这样一句话: “考虑到目前高等教育自学考试工作还没有经验 ,建议先在北京、天津、上海等少数地方试点 ,待取得经验后再逐步推广。”这句话中的“试点 ”应改为“试验 ”才对 ,若要保留“试点 ”一词 ,可将第二句改为: “建议先将北京、天津、上海等少数地方作为试点。”因为“试点 ”是名词 ,不能作谓语; “试验 ”是动词 ,可作谓语。彭真曾把一公文中的“搜集证据 ”改为“收集证据 ”,一字之改 ,意义截然不同。“搜集 ”含有“搜罗”的意思 ,强调了行为实施的主观性 ,所搜的证据未必是客观的。“收集证据 ”则没有上述含义 ,却暗含有证据存在的客观性。以“收 ”易“搜 ”,说明执法的严肃性。
辨析词义应区别词义的大小、轻重等。如公文中的“收获 ”一词常常与“成绩、成果、成效、成就 ”几个词搭配 ,但到底用哪一个词 ,应根据词义份量和表述重点来选择。又如“毛病、缺点、错误 ”几个词虽然是近义词 , 词义的轻重程度却有很大不同。还有“违背 ”和“违反 ”、“请求 ”和“恳求 ”、“努力 ”和“竭力 ”、“希望 ”和“盼望 ”、“渴望 ”这几组词都是后者比前者意义重。在写作时 ,对这类词应根据内容的需要恰当选用 ,以防止出现大词小用、重事轻说的毛病。2003年 3月 11日 ,《新华网 》发表了一篇文章 ,题目是《“两高 ”通令解读:勒令莫再“吃了原告吃被告 ”》。但后来 ,在标题目录中,该文却成了“严禁吃了原告吃被告 ”为什么呢 ? 原来 ,开始的题目前后矛盾 ,“勒令 ”是强制性的命令 ,而“莫再 ”却是温和的劝诫 ,语气变得“有气无力 ”,远没有“严禁 ”一词表达的简洁有力 ,底气十足。
二、区分词义色彩方面的差别
辨析词义还应仔细区别词语感情色彩。如“成果、结果、后果 ”都有“结局 ”的意思,但三者分别是褒义词 ,中性词 ,贬义词。在表述某人错误行为所带来的损失及不良影响时用“后果 ”一词就比用“结果 ”更恰当,因为“后果 ”是贬义词 ,公文中使用带褒贬色彩的词语是为了更鲜明、简洁地表达作者的立场 ,如果出现误用 ,将使阅文者难以理解作者的真正立场。如“小王革新了工作方法 ,许多人知道后纷纷效尤 ”一句 ,“革新 ”与“效尤 ”一褒一贬 ,阅文者对作者的态度的理解 ,就既可以看作肯定 ,也可以看作是否定。而作者的真实态度很可能是肯定 ,或者是否定 ,甚至是目前不置可否的中性态度。这种歧义带来的往往是相应的错误行为。
三、模糊词语和精确词语的选用
词义的模糊性是指词义的界限不清楚 ,它来源于词所指的事物边界不清。例如“中午 ”同“上午 ”、“下午 ”之间便没有一个明确的界限 ,我们不知道几点几分钟到几点几分钟是中午。词义的模糊性是客观事物连续性的反映。事物的核心部分一般来说还是可以明确的 ,例如时间是一分一秒的过去的 ,并没有中午与上午的明确界限。但是“中午 ”的核心还是明确的 ,这核心部分仍是人们注意的重心 ,是词义所要概况的主要对象。精确与模糊是相对而言的。飞机下午 3点起飞 ,你 3点 30秒到 ,便算迟到 ,飞机可能已经飞走了。一般认为起飞的时间是够精确的了 ,但比起火箭发射的时间表 ,则飞机起飞的“3点 ”也还是模糊的 ,因为飞机只精确到分 ,火箭必须以秒计 ,而从电子钟的角度看以秒计也还是模糊的。要求不同 ,所用词语模糊的程度便不同。美国科学家查德认为 ,“在自然语言中 ,句子中的词大部分是模糊集的名称 ,而不是非模糊集的名称 ”。一般来说 ,在文学语言中 ,模糊词语的使用大大超过精确词语。公文语言则不然,它要求意思的表达要尽量准确。试看下面的公文句子: 纳税人提交的证件和资料齐全且税务登记表的填写内容符合规定的 ,税务机关应及时发放税务登记证件。纳税人提交的证件和资料不齐全或税务登记表的填写内容不符合规定的 ,税务机关应当场通知其补正或重新填报。纳税人提交的证件和资料明显有疑点的 ,税务机关应进行实地调查 ,核实后予以发放税务登记证件。这段公文 ,讲的是税务机关在发放税务登记证件时的要求 ,语言十分明确 ,规定十分具体。又如 ,一则表彰通报中这样写道:“去年扩建了 34间门店 ,到目前为止 ,营业面积 6437平方米 ,比改造前的 3871平方米 ,增加2566平方米 ”。 (梅商〔1988〕4号 )。在这里增加的门店、增加的营业面积等都做了精确的介绍 ,从而增加了公文语言的准确性。
相对而言 ,模糊词语具有一定的伸缩性、概括性、灵活性和委婉性。在特定的语境中适时地恰当地使用模糊语言 ,不仅不会给人模糊的感觉 ,相反能使所表达的意思更明确。如江泽民同志在中国共产党成立 75周年座谈会上的讲话中有这样一句话:“在我们的干部队伍中 ,确有相当一部分同志的素质特别是思想政治素质还不适应党的事业的要求。”(1996年 6月 27日《人民武警报 》)这里的“相当一部分 ”就是模糊语言。在公文写作中经常会遇到一些需要表达但又不宜或不易用具体数字来表达的事物 ,这时就需要运用模糊语言对其轮廓做出大体的描述 ,如“不少 ”、“近日 ”、“较好 ”、“基本 ”、“主要 ”、“高度 ”、“绝大多数 ”、“有所下降 ”、“略有提高 ”、“程度不同”、“大体上 ”等等。总之 ,精确词语和模糊词语在公文当中的使用是非常重要的 ,也是有严格要求的 ,恰当使用才能确保公文语言的准确和严密。
四、消除因多义词、多义词组造成语句中有关成份间的语法关系不明的现象
一个词在刚开始产生的时候大多是单义的 ,在使用中 ,有关的意义也逐渐用它来表达 ,它就变成了 多义词。语言要表达的意义总是在不断增多的 ,让一个词兼表几个意义而不必另造新词 ,符合语言经济的原则。比如 ,“我们要学习文件 ”这句话 ,就有三种理解:一是我们准备做学习文件这件事;二是我们索要供学习的文件; 三是我们应当学习一下文件。之所以有至少 3种句义。原主要在于“要 ”和“学习文件”都是多义的 ,它们同时出现在一个句子中形成多种语法关系 ,按不同的关系去解释就有了完全不同的理解。“要”作一般动词表示“索取 ”,作能愿动词则表示“应该 ”“打算 ”; “学习文件 ”可以是偏正词组 ,表示供学的文件 ,它也可以是述宾词组 ,表示学习和学习的内容多种关系相互搭配 ,7个字就同时有三种不同的意思。但我们要明确的是 ,公文的使用目的是要让对方接受影响 ,而且是对对方强制性的影响。作为公文的重要载体的语言 ,必须严谨规范 ,不能让阅读者产生错误的理解 ,从而导致执行的错误。因此 ,必须消除公文中因多义词而造成的语言歧义现象 ,换掉产生歧义的多义词或者加上适当的限制或补充。
五、数字表述语要力求准确公文写作中 ,**** Hidden Message *****
公文写作准确选词的方法很多,本文只涉及到很小的一部分 ,我们只有在日常的工作学习中有意识的锤炼自身利用语言材料表情达意的能力 ,做到“一字不苟下 ,一字不虚设 ”,字斟句酌 ,认真推敲 ,仔细品味 ,只有这样 ,公文的质量才能得到保证 ,公文的效用才能得到充分发挥。文/张洁 <p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">词语作为构成句子的最小单位，使用得是否得当，直接关系到语言的表述是否得体，公文语言也不例外。在公文中，遣词造句要注意与公文的语体风格、行文关系、行文目的以及语言环境保持一致。公文的用词要想做到得体就必须注意以下几个方面：</span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; 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min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;' data-source="bj.96weixin.com"><section style="margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合公文额语体风格</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 语言的使用是与语体密切相关的，公文不同于文学作品，不需要通过或华丽或标新立异的辞藻来凸显文章的特点。公文用语需要的是简明精确、符合公文语体风格的词语。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合行文关系和行文方向的需要</span></span></span></span></p></section></section><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> </p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 实际上符合行文关系和方向的需要就是行文语气的问题，这就要求文秘在行文用词的时候一定要符合发文机关的身份和地位，要能正确体现出发文机关与收文对象之间的特定关系。在制发上行文时，尽量选择使用谦辞和敬辞，以表示对上级机关的尊重。在制发平行文时，应尽量使用谦虚和商量的口气，以表示对收文机关的礼貌与客气。在制发下行文时，用语通常多为严厉的、不容置疑的语气，要体现出上级机关的严肃和郑重。</p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合行文内容和目的需要</span></span></span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></span></span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 公文的内容和行文目的不同，在制发公文时选择的语言也不相同，因此公文的语言色彩一定要符合特定的行文目的及文章内容的性质。例如，颁布政令要庄重严肃，通报错误要义正词严，申请、请示等则要平和委婉。再如，同样是下行文，在制发命令时，用语要坚定严肃；在转批下级机关文件时，用语就要平缓慎重一些；制发公告时，语气要平和谨慎。</p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词与语言坏境相协调</span></span></span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 随着社会的进步，时代的发展，语言中的词也不断地更新和发展，即便有些词仍保持原貌，但是其内涵及社会评价已经发生了极大的变化。公文用词要与时俱进，与周围的语言环境相协调。就目前的语言环境而言，改革开放之前的很多词都应该摒弃，例如“大搞”“大办”“打倒”“走资派”“阶级斗争”“投机倒把”等。这些词因带有鲜明的时代色彩，已经不适用于现在的社会情况。对于哪些在新形势下被赋予新意的老词，应站在不同于以往的角度去选用，例如，“私营业”“雇工”“包产到户”“自留地”等。而对于那些带有时代色彩的新词，如“房改”“低保”“扫黄打非”“反腐倡廉”等，要大量吸纳和采用。公文主要针对的是当前的事项和当前的现实问题，这就决定了公文不能使用过时的公文语言的特性。因此，公文语言要与周围的语言环境相协调，具有时代特色。</p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词可以使用婉曲等表现形式</span></span></span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 公文写作虽然倡导直述直白，但是这并不代表公文写作不讲求语言艺术。而“婉曲”就是公文语言艺术的体现。婉曲是一种修辞方式，它所指的是不直截了当地表达本意，而是通过委婉曲折的方式、含糊闪烁的言辞，流露或暗示想要表达的本意。而是通过委婉曲折的方式、含糊闪烁的言辞，流露或暗示想要表达的本意。</p> <p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">语言准确是公文语言的基本要求。这里所指的准确是意思表达真实、明确、没有含糊不清、言过其实和褒贬不当的地方。公文语言准确，才能将事情表述清楚。不确定的语言会带来理解上的错误，这样就无法达到制发公文的目的。准确在词语的运用方面主要体现在以下几点:</span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'></p><section style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;' data-source="bj.96weixin.com"><section style="margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 区分词意的大小和轻重，准确选词。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.48px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">汉语词汇丰富，同一个词语的同义词、近义词有很多，它们的意义存在细微的差别。同一个意思，即便可以使用很多词语进行表达。但是只有一个词语是最为准确的。在进行公文写作时，遇到这种情况时一定要再三斟酌，如果不严加区分，就极易造成表意不准确的现象。例如，在公文中常会看到“损失严重”和“损失惨重”，这两者看起来意思相近，但还是有一定的差别的。“损失严重”表示财产或经济损失程度较重，而“损失惨重”表示的则是财产或经济损失的程度十分严重。在下行文中，时常会看到“请认真贯彻执行”或“请参照执行”的字样，两者看起来似乎差别并不大，但是如果仔细阅读就能发现其中的不同。“贯彻执行”就意味着必须按照公文中的要求执行，不可走样；而“参照执行”则允许收文机关结合本地的实际情况，在执行的范围和程度上可以较为灵活地掌握。再如，“逐步”与“深入”“进一步”之间，“工作”与“活动”“运动”之间都存在着不同程度的差别，在选用的时候一定要认真推敲，仔细琢磨。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.48px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">讲究语法，合乎逻辑。</span></span></span></span></span></p></section></section><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'></p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> </p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 如果语法和逻辑上出现问题，必然会影响语言的准确表达。为避免此类错误的出现，要做到以下几点；</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第一，保证句子结构的完整性。汉语的句子成分主要有主、谓、宾、定、状、补六种，在表达的时候，可以省略其中的某些成分，但是必要的成分不能欠缺，否则句子的结构就不完整，这样不仅影响阅读，有时还会造成歧义。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第二、保证句子中词语搭配适当。在写每一个句子的时候，都要考虑词语之间在意义上、逻辑上以及习惯上是否搭配得当。例如“有待解决的任务有很多，我们要努力工作”，这句话中的“有待解决”和“任务”在使用习惯上并不搭配，按照正常的搭配应当是“有待解决的问题”或“有待完成的任务”。在公文写作的时候，如果忽略了词语的搭配问题，那么在阅读公文的时候就会感到十分拗口，在表达上也显得十分怪异。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第三，注意语言的逻辑关系。一旦语句出现逻辑错误，在事理上就会讲不通，有时甚至会使判断出现错误。正确的语言逻辑关系，不仅可以使语言条理清晰，而且能够反映出事物的内部规律，将事物的概念表述得清清楚楚，是判断准确无误。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第四，注意关联词语的使用和句式的选择，以使句子间关系紧密，语气贯通。同时还要注意避免句式杂糅。通常来讲，一个完整的句子只用一种句式。如果一个句子同时使用两种不同的句式，就会造成句子结构的混乱。</p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.48px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">表达准确，避免歧义。</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 一词多义是汉语的一大特点，为了确保作者意思表达的正确性，并且最大限度地减少读者的误解或曲解，在遣词造句方面，要注意定语、状语和补语的使用，以使句子中心词的意思更加明确、具体，避免产生歧义。以下几种情况在表达上极易引起歧义，应当加以重视。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第一，“以上”“以下”范围的表示。通常我们在表述“....以上”或“...以下”的时候，其含义一般都包括所提到的事物，例如“县级以上”“25岁以下”，是包括县和25岁的。不过，为了保证准确无语，在公文写作时应当写成“县级及县级以上单位”25岁以下（含25岁）”等形式。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第二，增减及倍数的表示。在写作中，常会出现歧义的是“增加了”与“增加到”，“减少了”与“减少到”。其中“增加了”和“减少了”的数目不包括原有的数目，指的是额外增加或减少的数目，而“增加到”和“减少到”的数目是包括原有数目的，是指在原有数目的基础上的增或减。例如，“收集从每天100元上升到400元”，则可以表示为“比原收益提高了3倍”或“提高到原收益的4倍”。在此要注意的是，倍数的表示方法通常只用于增加而不用于减少。</p><p style='font: 16px/20.48px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;'> 第三，公文上时间、地域以及解释权的表示。通常而言，法规性的文件都应明确标注施行日期和解释权的归属；涉及行政区划方面的文件，要有相应地域名称的说明。</p> <div style='font: 16px/25.6px "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: hidden; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; min-height: 350px; widows: 1; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;' id="js_content" class="rich_media_content "><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">语言也不例外。在公文中，遣词造句要注意与公文的语体风格、行文关系、行文目的以及语言环境保持一致。公文的用词要想做到得体就必须注意以下几个方面：</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; white-space: normal; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" data-source="bj.96weixin.com"><section style="margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">1</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; line-height: 25.6px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合公文额语体风格</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 语言的使用是与语体密切相关的，公文不同于文学作品，不需要通过或华丽或标新立异的辞藻来凸显文章的特点。公文用语需要的是简明精确、符合公文语体风格的词语。</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 1.6; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">2</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合行文关系和行文方向的需要</span></span></span></span></p></section></section><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 实际上符合行文关系和方向的需要就是行文语气的问题，这就要求文秘在行文用词的时候一定要符合发文机关的身份和地位，要能正确体现出发文机关与收文对象之间的特定关系。在制发上行文时，尽量选择使用谦辞和敬辞，以表示对上级机关的尊重。在制发平行文时，应尽量使用谦虚和商量的口气，以表示对收文机关的礼貌与客气。在制发下行文时，用语通常多为严厉的、不容置疑的语气，要体现出上级机关的严肃和郑重。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">3</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词要符合行文内容和目的需要</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 公文的内容和行文目的不同，在制发公文时选择的语言也不相同，因此公文的语言色彩一定要符合特定的行文目的及文章内容的性质。例如，颁布政令要庄重严肃，通报错误要义正词严，申请、请示等则要平和委婉。再如，同样是下行文，在制发命令时，用语要坚定严肃；在转批下级机关文件时，用语就要平缓慎重一些；制发公告时，语气要平和谨慎。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">4</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词与语言坏境相协调</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 随着社会的进步，时代的发展，语言中的词也不断地更新和发展，即便有些词仍保持原貌，但是其内涵及社会评价已经发生了极大的变化。公文用词要与时俱进，与周围的语言环境相协调。就目前的语言环境而言，改革开放之前的很多词都应该摒弃，例如“大搞”“大办”“打倒”“走资派”“阶级斗争”“投机倒把”等。这些词因带有鲜明的时代色彩，已经不适用于现在的社会情况。对于哪些在新形势下被赋予新意的老词，应站在不同于以往的角度去选用，例如，“私营业”“雇工”“包产到户”“自留地”等。而对于那些带有时代色彩的新词，如“房改”“低保”“扫黄打非”“反腐倡廉”等，要大量吸纳和采用。公文主要针对的是当前的事项和当前的现实问题，这就决定了公文不能使用过时的公文语言的特性。因此，公文语言要与周围的语言环境相协调，具有时代特色。</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="border-style: solid none solid solid; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-left-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="background: rgb(249, 110, 87); margin: 0px 2px; padding: 0px; width: 30px; height: 30px; text-align: center; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 30px; font-size: 18px; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">5</span><span style="border-style: solid solid solid none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 6px; height: 20px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: middle; border-top-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-right-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-bottom-color: rgb(249, 110, 87); border-top-width: 2px; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; display: inline-block; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(6, 6, 6); line-height: 25.6px; font-size: 18px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 25.6px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">用词可以使用婉曲等表现形式</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 公文写作虽然倡导直述直白，但是这并不代表公文写作不讲求语言艺术。而“婉曲”就是公文语言艺术的体现。婉曲是一种修辞方式，它所指的是不直截了当地表达本意，而是通过委婉曲折的方式、含糊闪烁的言辞，流露或暗示想要表达的本意。而是通过委婉曲折的方式、含糊闪烁的言辞，流露或暗示想要表达的本意。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: break-word !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"> 学习了，谢谢楼主分享！ 词语的准确使用非常重要.有时候顺序颠倒意思就完全不一样了.
要注意收集文字啊！ 拜读学习。。。。。。。。 好东西呢。……。多加学习。我很喜欢的。 数字表述语要力求准确