跟贾陆英老师学《论语》八佾篇第24章(6月26日)
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; letter-spacing: -1pt; ">跟<st1:personname productid="贾陆英" w:st="on">贾陆英</st1:personname>老师学《论语》八佾篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; letter-spacing: -1pt; ">24</span><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; letter-spacing: -1pt; ">章</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: -1pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" month="6" year="2014" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">26</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">下午</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">分,《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">论语</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">札记》作者贾陆英老师在老秘网</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">重温经典读书会</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”QQ</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">群</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> 49231471</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">里面,就《论语》八佾篇第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">24</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">章进行了讲解,具体内容整理如下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">一、原文释义</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">原文:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仪封人请见,曰:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">君子之至于斯也,吾未尝不得见也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">从者见之。出曰:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">二三子何患于丧乎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">天下之无道也久矣,天将以夫子为木铎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">注释:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仪封人:仪,地名。封人,镇守边疆的官。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">从者见之:随行的学生引他见了孔子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">丧(音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">sàng</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">):失掉官位。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">木铎(音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">duó</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多):以木为舌的铜铃。古代宣布政教法令时,巡行振鸣以引起众人注意,或摇木铎来召集百姓。此处以木铎比喻宣扬教化的人。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">译文:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仪邑的边防官求见孔子,说,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">凡有君子来到这里,我从没有见不到的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子的随行学生引他去见了孔子。出来后说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">你们几位,何必为失掉官位发愁呢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">?</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">天下无道已经很久了,上天将以孔老夫子为木铎传道于天下。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">二、万世师表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 44pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">问:仪地边防官对孔子的评价告诉我们什么?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">答:本章所记仪地边防官对孔子的评价,至少说明了这样几点:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第一,孔子在当时已是闻名天下,具有道德学问而受人仰慕的君子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第二,此人求见孔子之时,正是孔子失掉官位,被迫离开鲁国,率弟子周游列国之时。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第三,此人对当时天下无道的局面颇为不满,寄希望于孔子传扬儒家道统,以挽救危局。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">当然,这只是当时人们对孔子的一种评价。在《论语·宪问》的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">38</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">39</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">章和《论语·微子》的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">等章,还记载了隐者们对孔子的另一种评价,可以参读。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">到了西汉,也就是孔子去世</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">400</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多年之后,司马迁对孔子有一个评价,称孔子为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">至圣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。他把孔子和那些君王进行对比,说天下的君王太多了,他们活着的时候很荣耀,但是死后就无声无息,被人遗忘了。而孔子只是一个普普通通的教书先生,到司马迁写《史记》的时候,已经过去了十几代,大约</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">400</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">余年的时间,而学者们仍然以他为师,他的影响还那么大,以至于天子也好,王侯也好,他们在讨论《六艺》的时候,还要以孔子的说法为标准。经过这样一个对比,司马迁得出结论:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">真可谓至圣也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">最</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的意思,他认为孔子是最高的圣人。他还引用《诗经》中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">高山仰止,景行行止</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这句话,高度赞扬了孔子的品德和思想,表达了自己</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">虽不能至,然心乡(向)往之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的真诚愿望。就是说,我虽然达不到孔子那样的高境界,但是,我的心是向往这个境界的。康熙皇帝曾为孔子题匾,称他为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">万世师表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,这个评价是非常恰当的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">三、儒学之重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">易中天先生称先秦诸子百家争鸣为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">思想史上的奥林匹克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,不无道理。正是在这场</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">奥林匹克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">式的争鸣中,由百家决出了儒、墨、道、法等几家显学。当中国社会进入大一统的汉代以后,孔子创立的儒家学说取得了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">独尊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的地位,影响中国长达两千多年。这固然与汉武帝、董仲舒的个人因素有关,但是从根本上说,这也是优胜劣汰、社会选择的结果,既非偶然,也不是什么人的主观意志使然。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">由于孔子及其所创立的儒家学说的特殊历史地位,怎样评价孔子,历来就是一个重大的思想理论和政治问题。近代以来对这个问题的争论,更是直接关系到中华文化的历史走向和中华民族的历史命运。请大家联系实际,谈谈这方面的认识。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">胡利勇</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">董仲舒罢黜百家,独尊儒术。在汉朝的改革中确立了儒家地位并施仁政。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">风一样自由:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">夫子为天下苍生奔走呼号的木铎精神令人神往。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">也许,正是因为孔夫子丢掉了官职,他才会更专心致志的研究宣传儒学。仕途不幸,儒学大幸,中华文化儒道释并存互见,孔子功在千秋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">也许,正是因为孔夫子丢掉了官职,他才会更专心致至的研究宣传儒学。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——是的。孔子在鲁为官,是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">50-55</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">岁左右,被迫离开鲁国后,周游列国,从事讲学活动,晚年回国,整理并教授六经。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">睡虫西麦:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">突然想到一个,孔夫子教者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,贤者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,优秀率才</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2.4%</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,一来说明教者虽众,真正投入学习者并不多,二来说明,真正聪明的都没怎么到孔夫子那里来求学。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">也说明当时百家争鸣,学派众多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">候鸟</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">:当时的优秀(贤才)和现在标准不一样。以现在高等学府育才之法,十载无一贤者!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是啊,当时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">贤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">也是没有统一标准的。也许正因如此,孔子荐才不知仁。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">突然想到一个,孔夫子教者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,贤者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">优秀率才</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2.4%</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,一来说明教者虽众,真正投入学习者并不多。二来说明,真正聪明的都没怎么到孔夫子那里来求学。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">非也。贤者七十有二,是指培养出当时的拔尖人才,社会栋梁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">位,这些人对社会,对中华文化都有重要贡献。在中国历史上,不但孔子历代受封,这</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">位贤者,也是历代配享。孔子弟子三千,不像现在的大学,是一届的学生,而是分为若干批次。培养出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">位对当时做出贡献,对后世产生影响的拔尖人才,已属不易。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">突然想到一个,孔夫子教者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,贤者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">优秀率才</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2.4%</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,一来说明教者虽众,真正投入学习者并不多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">在当时的底下的社会文化水平下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">3000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">72</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,己是相当高了,也许终其一生,才觅得弟子三千。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">风一样自由</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尺有所长,寸有所短</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,有教无类,辨才不是件容易的事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">朽木不可雕也,粪土之墙不可朽也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这是老爷子对宰予的评价。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“‘</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">朽木不可雕也,粪土之墙不可朽也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这是老爷子对宰予的评价。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是对宰予的严厉批评,而非整体评价。宰予也是位当时的杰出人才。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">往往是得意门生,老师才严厉批评。比如当今,有时领导骂你,是因为你跟领导</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">铁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.5pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">风一样自由:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">爱之深责之切。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.35pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">当前人们在精神信仰方面存在的种种问题,既有复杂的现实原因,也有深刻的历史原因。中国传统文化是以儒家文化为主体,儒、释、道并存的多元一体格局,儒家文化深深地影响着中国人的情感记忆、思维习惯、精神感悟和理想追求,成为中华民族稳固的精神支柱,也对传统社会两千多年的发展起到了整合作用。孔子作为中华传统文化当然的符号,不管你承认也罢,不承认也罢,这是历史形成的事实。因此,怎样对待孔子,实质上也就是怎样对待中华传统文化的问题。自近代以来,这个问题就一直是中国社会思潮中一个突出的问题,直至今天,它依然是一个不容回避的敏感问题,是思想文化领域中的重大问题。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">四、继往开来</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">当前在如何评价孔子的问题上,有四种基本态度:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第一种是不分青红皂白地全盘否定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世纪初的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">打倒孔家店</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">文化大革命</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">中的大破</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">四旧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” “</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">批林批孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">就是如此。这种思潮在今天依然存在。有人把毛泽东和孔子绝对地对立起来,打着</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">维护毛泽东思想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的旗号,彻底否定孔子及其学说。这种历史虚无主义的态度,是造成国人思想上迷茫和信仰缺失的一个重要原因。面对当前持续升温的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">国学热</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,有人发出这样的疑问:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">自五四运动提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">打倒孔家店</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">都快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">100</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年了,怎么现在还搬出那个菩萨供着?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">他所指的,正是提出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">打倒孔家店</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的口号近百年之后,在中国大地上方兴未艾的儒学复兴。这些人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">打</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">了百余年,一个带有讽刺意味的历史现象是,孔子依然活在中国人的心中。这只能说明,孔子及其创立的儒家学说,是中华文化之根、中华民族之魂。这个根,任凭什么人拼命去挖,也是挖不掉的;这个魂,任凭什么人拼命去打,也是打不散的。正如《人民日报》发表的《高扬社会主义先进文化的旗帜》一文所说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">人类思想文化的发展,犹如一条长河。要川流不息,奔腾向前,既不能塞其源,也不能断其流。任何一个国家和民族文化的发展,都离不开一定的文化传承,都是在既有文化传统基础上进行变革、创新与发展。发展社会主义先进文化,必须充分认识我国传统文化的历史意义和现实价值,正确对待中华民族的传统文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第二种是慌忙祭起</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尊孔读经</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的旗子。康有为提出建立孔教会的主张,就是典型的代表。北洋军阀、蒋介石集团也搞过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尊孔读经</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。这些做法都没有,也不可能阻止历史前进的步伐。然而时至今日,主张盲目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尊孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的阴魂依然不散。有人从另一个极端把毛泽东和孔子绝对地对立起来,打着</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尊孔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的旗号否定马列主义、毛泽东思想。这种开历史倒车的复古主义思潮,是决然行不通的。已经走上社会主义道路,正在建设小康社会,向着民族复兴光明大道前进的中国人民,也是绝对不会答应的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第三种是用西方文化来改造传统儒学。在中西文化的交流史上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">16</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">17</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世纪曾有过</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">东学西渐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的热潮,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">18</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世纪以来又出现了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">西学东渐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的热潮。儒学与西学的互补互动,产生了一批学贯中西的大家和现代新儒学。他们既对西方的社会、文化、哲学、宗教有深入的研究,又熟知并尊重本土以儒学为主体的传统文化。在他们的努力下,形成了许多儒学研究的新成果,这是值得珍视和借鉴的。现代新儒学的一些有识之士提出儒学与马克思主义对话的主张,这更是一种远见卓识。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第四种是推进马克思主义中国化,实现马克思主义与以儒学为主体的传统文化相融合。十月革命以后,先进的中国人开始用马克思主义的宇宙观来观察和解决中国的问题,从此,中国革命的面貌为之一新。从此,也开始了马克思主义与中国实际相结合、与以儒学为主体的传统文化相融合,形成中国化马克思主义的历史进程。这一进程同时包含着对西方文明成果的借鉴、吸收和消化。倡导和推进这一历史进程的,正是中国共产党人。从新民主主义革命到新中国成立,从社会主义改造、社会主义建设到改革开放的新时期,中国化马克思主义经过两次历史性飞跃,形成了毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系(包括邓小平理论、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">三个代表</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">重要思想和科学发展观),成为党和国家的指导思想。在革命、建设和改革的不同历史时期,形成了具有鲜明中国特色的新民主主义文化和社会主义文化,这是现、当代中国文化的主旋律。发表于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2010</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">9</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">月《红旗文稿》的署名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">云杉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的文章说得好:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">对于当今中国来说,深厚的民族传统文化、科学的马克思主义指导思想、丰富的革命文化,就是我们文化安身立命的根基,是我们在世界文化激荡中站稳脚跟的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">‘</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">定海神针</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,必须始终不渝地坚持、千方百计地弘扬,使其惠及当代、恩泽后人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">我们在对待孔子及其学说、对待历史、对待传统文化的问题上,应当抱有历史的、辩证的、实事求是的态度,对具体问题进行具体分析。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">一是要跳出尊孔或反孔的误区,从孔子社会活动和学术活动的实际出发,从当今社会和现代文明的需要出发,进行科学探讨和深入研究。今天的中国是历史的中国的继续和发展。在中华文明</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">5000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年的传承中,孔子大约处于前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2500</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年与后</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2500</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年之间。他在世时虽然政治上不得志,但在学术研究和发展教育上却取得了无与伦比的成功,这就奠定了孔子在中华</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">5000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年文明史上继往开来的重要地位。我们今天研究孔子及其学说,是要按照取其精华、去其糟粕、古为今用的精神,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">承继这一份珍贵的遗产</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。鉴于历史的经验教训,我们既不能重蹈盲目尊孔的覆辙,更不能再走简单粗暴地反孔的老路。盲目尊孔必然导致复古主义,而全盘否定孔子及其学说,必然导致虚无主义。对于这一份珍贵遗产,我们首先要怀有敬畏之心,要用科学的、实事求是的态度去研究它,进行认真的梳理和分析,从当今社会和现代文明的需要出发,加以鉴别、继承、改造和升华,赋予其新的时代内涵,使之更好地为中国人民创造幸福快乐的新生活服务,为中华民族的伟大复兴服务,为中国以其坚挺的硬实力和软实力走向世界服务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">二是要跳出把孔子的学说与后世儒学混为一谈的误区,既要看到二者的传承关系,又要注重二者的区别。孔子在不同的历史时期,被塑造成了不同的形象。汉代五经博士眼中的孔子、宋明理学家眼中的孔子、戊戌维新首领康有为眼中的孔子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">乃至普通老百姓心目中的孔子,相去甚远。孔子学说在历代传承中也有不同的变异。尤其是到了西汉以后,统治者从维护其专制地位的需要出发,把孔子神圣化,打着尊孔的旗号,附加上去许多为封建专制主义服务的内容。例如:在君与臣的关系上,孔子的主张是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">;在父与子的关系上,孔子的主张是父要慈、子要孝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仁者,人也,亲亲为大。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">突出的是父母与子女之间的亲亲之情。这是一种双向的对等的相互关系,经过改造和升华,是可以与当今社会的权利义务关系相融合的。而在西汉大儒董仲舒那里,孔子的上述思想被异化为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,变成一种绝对的服从与被服从的关系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">三纲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">对巩固封建秩序有一定作用,也对近代以来中国社会的发展和进步起过严重阻碍作用,要具体分析。但无论如何,在中国结束君权制、走向共和制以后,它就成为过时的、应当彻底抛弃的东西。如果不加区别,把董仲舒的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">三纲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">扣到孔子头上,能说是客观、公正的态度吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">三是要跳出对待诸子之学上的门户之见,按照和而不同的精神,吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。春秋战国是中国社会处于大变革的一个时代,正是在这样的历史环境下,出现了百家争鸣的局面,形成了对中华文化具有奠基意义的诸子之学。孔子开办私学,培养了大批人才,为百家争鸣局面的形成做出了开创性的贡献。汉武帝独尊儒术以后,百家争鸣的局面不存在了,学术文化的繁荣发展也受到了严重制约。历史的经验告诉我们,不同学术观点的交流、碰撞和争鸣,是促进思想认识深化、学术繁荣发展的必要条件。而长期以来不同学派之间的门户之见,是不利于思想交流和学术发展的。我们今天研究孔子及其学说,当然不能再搞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">罢黜百家、独尊儒术</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">那一套。孔子主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和而不同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” “</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">万物并育而不相害;道并行而不相悖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,这是中华文化具有包容性的一个特点和优点。我们一定要继承和发扬这个好的传统,摒弃门户之见,吸取诸子之学中的精华,结合新的时代特征创新发展,形成既有民族性、又有时代性的,具有强大生命力的新文化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">四是要跳出关起门来搞学问的误区,放眼世界,把孔子及其学说放到人类思想文化发展的大格局中去研究。德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯在他的著作《历史的起源与目标》中,提出了一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的著名命题。他认为,公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">800</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年至公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">200</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年之间,是人类文明的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,也就是人类文明精神的重大突破时期。在轴心时代里,各个文明都出现了伟大的精神导师</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">古希腊有苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德,古印度有释迦牟尼,中国有孔子、老子。他们开始用理智的方法、道德的方式来面对这个世界,是对原始文化的超越和突破。而超越和突破的不同类型决定了今天西方、印度、中国等不同的文化形态。那些没有实现超越突破的古文明,都难以摆脱灭绝的命运,而轴心时代产生的文化一直延续到今天,也一直影响着人类的生活。每当人类社会面临危机或新的飞跃的时候,我们总是回过头去,看看轴心时代的先哲们是怎么说的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">雅斯贝尔斯的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">说,已经得到世界各国学术界的逐渐认同。在欧洲,古希腊师承相传的三位先哲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">一直被尊为西方文明的鼻祖。欧洲人不仅对自己的传统文化格外珍重,而且对历史文化的古迹也倍加爱护,千方百计予以保护。凡是去过欧洲的中国人,大概都能感受到这一点。而东方文明的鼻祖孔子,出生时间早于苏格拉底</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">80</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">早于柏拉图</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">120</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">早于亚里士多德</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">160</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">多年。他在当时的实践活动和思想文化上的成就,与古希腊的几位先哲相比,不但毫不逊色</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">而且独具光彩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世纪</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">80</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年代,美国出版的《名人年鉴手册》列出世界十大思想家,他们是:孔子、柏拉图、亚里士多德、阿奎那、哥白尼、培根、牛顿、达尔文、伏尔泰、康德。孔子不仅名列第一位,而且是东方民族中唯一的一位。现在,孔子、老子以及他们所代表的中华历史文化,在世界的影响日益扩大。相比之下,中国作为孔子的故乡,我们作为孔子的后人,难道不应当认真地思考一下、总结一下吗?改革开放以来,我们常讲要学习借鉴世界各民族创造的文明成果,欧洲人尊重和保护文化传统的精神,难道不值得我们认真学习吗?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">五是要跳出用今天的标准去衡量和要求古人的误区,既要依托历史,又要立足现实;既要尊重过去,又要面向未来。研究历史人物,研究孔子及其学说,把握好过去、现在、未来的关系至关重要。首先应当从他们所处的历史时代去考察、分析、比较。在此基础上,从当代中国和当今世界的实际出发,加以取舍,汲取他们思想的精华。还要面向未来,在继承中变革,在创新中发展。历史就是这样从昨天走到今天,又从今天迈向明天的。昨天的历史,是昨天那个时代条件下的产物,不可避免地带有某种局限性。如果用今天的眼光、今天的标准去衡量和要求他们,那就会走向历史虚无主义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">传统是历史上流传下来的社会习惯力量,包括思想文化、制度规范、风俗习惯、宗教艺术以及思维方式、行为方式等等。它对于社会、对于我们每个人都有着无形的影响。但是,传统又是随着经济社会的发展而不断变化的。正确处理传统与现代的关系,我们一方面要反对历史虚无主义态度,这种态度对传统文化一概否定,背离了文化的传承性,割断了我们民族的血脉。文化是一个民族的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">基因</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,丧失了它,必然导致迷失自我,丧失根本。另一方面,还要反对复古主义态度,这种态度一味主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">回到过去</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,背离了文化的创新性,离开了现实的需要,它是行不通的,必然会窒息文化的发展。正确的态度应该是,既要依托历史,又要立足现实;既要尊重过去,又要面向未来。只有坚持这样的态度,我们的传统文化才能和当代社会相适应,和现代文明相协调,才能在新的时代条件下获得新的生机和活力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.3pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子,是中华传统文化的奠基人之一。邓公说:老祖宗不能丢。孔子就是老祖宗,传承、发展中华文化,不能数典忘祖。我赞成第四种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.3pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">风一样自由</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">儒家孔学不是儒教,孔教</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。雅斯贝尔斯有一个很著名的命题——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">1949</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年出版的《历史的起源与目标》中说,公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">800</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">至公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">200</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年之间,尤其是公元前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">600</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">至前</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">300</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年间,是人类文明的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">轴心时代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">发生的地区大概是在北纬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">30</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">度上下,就是北纬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">25</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">度至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">35</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">度区间。这段时期是人类文明精神的重大突破时期。在轴心时代里,各个文明都出现了伟大的精神导师——古希腊有苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德,以色列有犹太教的先知们,古印度有释迦牟尼,中国有孔子、老</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">子… …</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">他们提出的思想原则塑造了不同的文化传统,也一直影响着人类的生活。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.3pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">破风弃俗:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">当年,五四运动提出要打倒孔家店,其实也情有可原,因为中国当时受旧时残毒祸害太深,不打破旧的,就立不起新的。但是,问题就在于打破了旧的,但五四运动所提倡的科学与民主精神并没有被真正的发扬起来,却生生的把几千年的传承丢了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">邓公说:老祖宗不能丢。孔子就是老祖宗。传承、发展中华文化,不能数典忘祖。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——赞同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.3pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">我们在对待孔子及其学说、对待历史、对待传统文化的问题上,应当抱有历史的、辩证的、实事求是的态度,对具体问题进行具体分析。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.2pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">还是毛主席讲的:取其精华,弃其糟粕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">风一样自由:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">关键是做好传统文化的现代化转化和创造性阐发。我觉得孔子是至圣先师,但也是一个人,这样也许更能祛除附着在夫子身上僵化意识形态的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">老耿</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">从当今社会和现代文明的需要出发,加以鉴别、继承、改造和升华,赋予其新的时代内涵,使之更好地为中国人民创造幸福快乐的新生活服务。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——这才是中特理论应有之义,才是中国化的马克思主义。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> “</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">四是要跳出关起门来搞学问的误区。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——也要改革开放,面向世界,面向未来,孔子周游列国就是一个例证。孔子他就没有关门搞学问,而是周游列国。习有毛之风,既要宣传自已,又要学人之长,丰富发展自已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">四是要跳出关起门来搞学问的误区。也要改革开放!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是的,要看看世界对孔子的评价。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">五、古为今用<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="13" month="5" year="2009" w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2009</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">13</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">日</span></st1:chsdate><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,习近平同志在中央党校的一次讲话中,引用了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">半部论语治天下</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的古训,并希望各级领导干部</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">通过研读优秀传统文化书籍,吸收前人在修身处事、治国理政等方面的智慧和经验,养浩然之气,塑高尚人格,不断提高人文素养和精神境界。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="3" month="3" year="2013" w:st="on">2013<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span>3<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,习近平同志在中央党校建校</span>80</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">周年庆祝大会上发表讲话,再次强调领导干部学习传统文化的重要性和必要性,指出:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">中国传统文化博大精深,学习和掌握其中的各种思想精华,对树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观很有益处。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” <st1:chsdate isrocdate="False" islunardate="False" day="26" month="11" year="2013" w:st="on">2013<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>11<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">月</span></span>26<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; "><span lang="EN-US">日</span></span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,习近平来到曲阜孔府考察,并来到孔子研究院。桌上摆放着展示孔子研究院系列研究成果的书籍和刊物,他饶有兴趣地翻看到《孔子家语通解》《论语诠解》两本书,拿起来说:</span>“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这两本书我要仔细看看。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">习近平随后同有关专家学者代表座谈,听取他们发言后表示:中华民族有着源远流长的传统文化,也一定能创造中华文化新的辉煌。研究孔子和儒家思想要坚持历史唯物主义立场,坚持古为今用,去粗取精,去伪存真,因势利导,深化研究,使其在新的时代条件下发挥积极作用。我认为,总书记的这些阐述,应该成为我们研究马克思主义与儒学关系的基本方向和指导方针。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">胡利勇:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">习近平视察山东曲阜,对儒家文化赋予新时代的意义重大,要弘扬当代社会主义核心价值观。孔子学院走向全球受世界追捧。孔子学院是个星星之火,可以燎原全球。可以将中国文化燎原全球,如:孙子兵法,周易。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">贾陆英:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子学院走向全球受世界追捧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">已遍布世界各大洲,多数国家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">六、孔子贡献<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">有一篇文章,历数了孔子的十大贡献:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第一、文化上的贡献。孔子是中华上古</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">2449</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年文化和文明的传承人以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">5000</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">年中华文化的奠基人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第二、观念上的贡献。孔子是引导中国从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">有神论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">无神论</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">观念转变的第一人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第三、文学上的贡献。孔子整理删定《诗经》,是中国文学史上开创新篇章的第一人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第四、哲学上的贡献。孔子作《易传》,是《易》成为中国哲学之源,是改造《易》,使《易》转向哲学,引发易学革命的第一人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第五、史学上的贡献。孔子编撰的《春秋》,为我国两千多年史学的发展创立奠定了基础,开修史之先河,是为我国史学奠基的第一人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第六、教育上的贡献。孔子创办了中国第一所私人学校,在设坛办学、教书育人方面遐迩闻名。孔子办学主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">有教无类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,实行全民教育,总结出一套完整的教学方法和教育理论,是我国第一位伟大的教育家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第七、德育上的贡献。孔子毕生所探索的就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">怎样和平、怎样和谐、怎样发展、怎样幸福</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的道理。《论语》中蕴涵的中华美德是人之魂、家之魂、国之魂,是人类</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和平、和谐、发展、幸福</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的灯塔,是儒家学说的灵魂所在、价值所在、意义所在、功能所在、真谛所在,是培养个人品德、家庭美德、社会公德、职业道德,引导人们</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">做一个有道德的人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的思想基础。孔子是中国乃至世界的道德先师。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第八、体育上的贡献。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">射</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是孔子开设的六门课程中的两门必修课。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">射</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是射箭,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是驾车。毛主席认为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">射、御</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">是中国古代的体育课。毛泽东把孔子的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">智、仁、勇</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">改造为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">德、智、体</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">写进党的教育方针。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第九、美育上的贡献。毛主席于一九五六年八月二十四日同音乐工作者谈话时赞扬说:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子是教育家,也是音乐家。他把音乐列为六门课程中的第二门。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">(《毛泽东与孔夫子》)《论语》中最早出现的美的概念是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">君子成人之美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">(《颜渊》)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">里仁为美</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">(《里仁》)、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">子谓《韶》尽美矣,又尽善也。谓《武》尽美矣,未尽善也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">(《八佾》)。孔子的话给予后人一个重要启示:乐舞的美与丑、好与坏、优与劣,主要要从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">思想内容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">艺术形式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这两个方面去分析、去判断、去评价。这一美学理论一直指导着古代和现代的文艺创作、文艺批评和美学评论。孔子是把美育与德育、智育、体育并列一起纳入教育内容的第一位先师。他对中国美育的形成和发展做出了重大贡献。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">第十、政治上的贡献。尽管孔子的政治生涯比较短暂,但是政绩卓著。当孔子快五十岁时,出任中都宰;一年内擢升为司空,接着升为大司寇。孔子在担任中都宰期间,所辖区域男守忠信,女知贞节,商业繁荣,万民乐业,达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">路不拾遗,夜不闭户</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的境界。孔子在教化世人、稳定社会、安邦治国方面为后人提供了有益的经验。孔子倡导德治,既是清醒的现实主义者,也是有追求的理想主义者。他的两大德治主张,一是实现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">天下有道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">小康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">社会,一是实现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">天下为公</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">大同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">世界。这是孔子为中国人设定的两个理想目标。时空跨越两千多年,回过头去再看孔子,就会得出这样一个结论:孔子高瞻远瞩,他提出的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仁政德治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">主张,他提出的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">小康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">大同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">在中国历史上产生了重要影响,在政治上做出了重大贡献。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子文化是中国特有的文化现象,两千多年来一直为家庭的和美,邻里的和睦,人民的和谐,民族的融合,社会的进步,国家的统一发挥着积极作用,并于公元三世纪传入日本、朝鲜,以及东南亚,十七世纪又向欧洲和美洲等许多国家和地区传播。一六八七年巴黎就出现了拉丁文《论语》。到了近代,《论语》依然在世界文化宝库中熠熠生辉。《论语》中蕴涵的人文文化、社交文化、礼仪文化、教育文化、音乐文化、体育文化、卫生文化、养生文化、企业文化、管理文化、营销文化,对东南亚乃至整个世界产生了重大而又深远的影响。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子是古代最伟大的哲学家、思想家、政治家、教育家、音乐家、社会活动家,位居世界十大文化名人之首。孔子的品德、思想、精神、人格、学识、智慧、才能、理论等方面在中国古代史上是无可比拟的。他在中国文明史和世界文明史上赢得了至高无上的荣誉,赢得了中国人民乃至世界人民的爱戴和敬仰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">这才叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">至圣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><br> </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">睡虫西麦:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">嗯,学而不思则罔教学,如果不看成绩,我看每个孩子都那么可爱。我们的评价系统啥时候也能有教无类?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32.15pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">老耿:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">做一个有道德的人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">——毛主席的话,毛主席当年也是学孔夫子的,毛继承发展孔夫子。孔子高瞻远瞩,他提出的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仁政德治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">主张</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">——</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">中国崛起,屹立世界之林,要靠</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">仁政德治</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">。孔夫子的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">小康</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">” “</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">大同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">,就是当今中国的奋斗目标。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 31.95pt; line-height: 28pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">胡利勇:</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">前国家主席江泽民也提到过以德治国。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 35.8pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: center; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: 方正小标宋简体; ">七、下讲预告<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; "> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">子谓韶,尽美矣,又尽善也;谓武,尽美矣,未尽善也。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">韶:舜时的乐曲名。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">尽:极点。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">美:指乐曲的音调、舞蹈的形式而言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">善:指乐曲和舞蹈的思想内容而言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">武:周武王时的乐曲名。《论语集解》引孔安国(孔子十一代孙)注:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">"</span><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">韶,舜乐名,以圣德受禅,故尽善。武,武王乐也,以征伐取天下,故未尽善。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; ">"<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 仿宋_GB2312; ">孔子评论到《韶》时说:美到极点了,又善到极点了;评论到《武》时说:美到极点了,但还不够善。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-indent: 32pt; line-height: 28pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; "> </span></p><p></p> 孔夫子弟子三千,贤者七十二。贾老师在本群学生1000人,参与讨论者怎么也得有24人嘛。惊喜发现本期讨论居然是老耿当主力?!如何办好这个网络讲堂,希望大家多提宝贵建议。6月29日(星期日)下午3:30分,我们不见不散。 周四因开会未能听课,今阅读已整理好的笔记收获颇多...孔子文化是我国优秀的文化遗产,已经得到世界各国人民的认可,是值得我们学习的榜样。“孔子文化是中国特有的文化现象,两千多年来一直为家庭的和美,邻里的和睦,人民的和谐,民族的融合,社会的进步,国家的统一发挥着积极作用...”古为今用,习总书记希望各级领导干部:“通过研读优秀传统文化书籍,吸收前人在修身处事、治国理政等方面的智慧和经验,养浩然之气,塑高尚人格,不断提高人文素养和精神境界”。但愿各级领导干部不让老百姓失望...谢谢贾老一如既往坚守着“3尺”讲台!谢谢石子云整理汇集! 很喜欢论语,之前也买了一本书来打算慢慢细读,但总觉得进不下心来,不懂的就过,以后尽量跟贾陆英老师学习论语。
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