写好公文须下三种功夫——从毛主席《给胡乔木的信》学公文写作
<div><br></div><div><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-family: 微软雅黑; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="88286" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="max-width: 100%; width: 670px; transform: rotate(0deg); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; width: 50px; height: 4px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; background-color: rgb(172, 29, 16);"></section></section><section style="margin-top: -4px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239);"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">乔木同志：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">除四害通知尚有缺点，不扎实，轻飘一些。这是因为没有研究各地已经取得的丰富经验，你脑子里对此问题还很不懂的原故。现在有大批经验了，可用一个星期的时间将全国各省、市、县见于报纸的经验一齐找来仔细看一遍，边看边想，形成成套思想，然后下笔成文。至少改三遍、五遍，找彭真、刘仁及北京有经验的除害干部二三人及科学家二三人开一二次会，发表意见，修正文件，字斟句酌，逻辑清楚，文字兴致勃勃。文件可以长一点，达一千字至二千字左右也可以。总之使人看了感觉解决问题，百倍信心，千钧干劲，行动起来。内容要把人人振奋，改造国家，带动消灭人病、牲口病、作物病的道理讲清楚，这是理论。然后讲办法，也要讲得入情入理，使人觉得切实可行，没有外行话。要写这一部分，也要认真研究，下苦功钻一下。然后讲到书记动手，报纸、刊物、广播、定期扫除、定期检查等事，作为结束。两星期内写好、通过、发出也就好了。送我看一次。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">莫斯科讲话，请打字送我再看一次，还觉得有需要修改之处。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">毛泽东</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">十二月二十五日八时</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">1957年12月25日，毛泽东致信胡乔木，专门谈“除四害”通知的写法。这封言约旨远的信指明了从事公文写作应注意的环节、内容和形式等问题。今天读来，仍有重要的指导意义。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="88656" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border: 2px solid rgb(237, 80, 66);"></section><section style="margin-top: -2em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">须下调查研究的功夫</strong></span></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">毛泽东同志审阅胡乔木写的通知初稿，感觉“不扎实，轻飘一些”，指出原因是“没有研究各地已经取得的丰富经验”“脑子里对此问题还很不懂”。可见，不了解工作的实际情况，写出的公文针对性和指导性就不够。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">公文的起草者应当先通过学习研究，弄懂弄通公文所涉的相关工作，力争成为这方面工作的专家。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); letter-spacing: 0.5px; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px 10px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在给胡乔木的信中，毛泽东还专门指明了改进公文写作的办法。他让胡乔木用一个星期的时间将报纸刊发的各地经验“一齐找来仔细看一遍，边看边想，形成成套思想，然后下笔成文”。至少修改三五遍后，再“找彭真、刘仁及北京有经验的除害干部二三人及科学家二三人开一二次会，发表意见，修正文件”。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">可见，写好公文并非易事，不仅需要通过广泛阅读和调研形成认识，还需要通过多种渠道集思广益，以工作实际和科学规律为标尺，避免闭门造车，将调查研究的功夫下到实处。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="88656" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border: 2px solid rgb(237, 80, 66);"></section><section style="margin-top: -2em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">须下系统设计的功夫</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">每一项工作都是一个或大或小的系统工程，起草公文时，不把这个系统工程的各个环节理清楚、说明白，写出来的公文难免会有违初衷。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">非系统思维不可立灼见，质量高的公文都需要有理论、有办法、有要求，需要想清楚“为什么干”“怎么干”“谁来干”“干什么”再落笔。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">以“除四害通知”为例，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">有理论，即把“为什么干”写透。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“把人人振奋，改造国家，带动消灭人病、牲口病、作物病的道理讲清楚”，就是要让干部和群众明白，“除四害”不仅对于消灭各种疾病有直接关系，还是人人振奋、改造国家、建设社会主义新中国的一大举措。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">有办法，即把“怎么干”写透。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">“要讲得入情入理，使人觉得切实可行，没有外行话”，就是要让干部和群众看了就明白问题的关键在哪里、从何处做起。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">有要求，即把“谁来干”“干什么”写透。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">如“书记动手，报纸、刊物、广播、定期扫除、定期检查”，就是落实责任、明确步骤、检查督导，从而形成一个完整的工作流程。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="88656" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; height: 2.5em; border: 2px solid rgb(237, 80, 66);"></section><section style="margin-top: -2em; margin-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" data-brushtype="text" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">须下语言文字的功夫</span></strong></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">言之无文，行而不远。公文不求藏之名山、传之后人，而应讲求实效、易于传达。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在给胡乔木的信中，毛泽东认为公文写作要“字斟句酌，逻辑清楚，文字兴致勃勃”。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">在《工作方法六十条（草案）》中，毛泽东同志曾专门指出，文件应当具有准确性、鲜明性和生动性。概念、判断和推理属于准确性的范畴，都是逻辑问题；鲜明性和生动性，则除了逻辑问题，还有词章问题。看那些概念不明确、判断不恰当、缺乏逻辑性、不讲求词章的文件，“是一场大灾难，耗费精力又少有所得”。我们现在经常提到的提法准确、层次清楚、逻辑严密等，大体不出以上范围。</span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></p><p style="margin: 5px 16px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); box-sizing: border-box !important;">逻辑清楚，保证文章表意明晰、传达准确，需以系统思维贯穿写作全程，而“文字兴致勃勃”则是更高的要求，是通向精品文章的必由之路。</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">如何打磨文字，通过清新的文风和恰当的修辞，使得文字不仅简明扼要，而且呈现一种生动活泼、兴致勃勃的气象，让人看得进去、干得明白，</span><span style="max-width: 100%; letter-spacing: 0.5px; color: rgb(123, 12, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">应该成为我们从事公文写作“心向往之”的工作追求。</span></p></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important;">（文章摘自《秘书工作》杂志。原题目：《写好公文须下三种功夫——从毛泽东〈给胡乔木的信〉说起》；作者：孙明）</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: right; box-sizing: border-box !important;">编辑：王青琳 制作：李梦雪</p><hr style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20.48px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.69px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); line-height: 20.48px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 19.69px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); line-height: 20.48px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">注：本文来源为</strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); line-height: 20.48px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></span></strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); line-height: 20.48px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">《秘书工作》杂志及微信号“秘书工作”</strong></p></div>
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