意见写作的五大要领
<section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="padding: 6px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-bottom: -5px; padding-right: 8px; padding-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(142, 201, 101);"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(142, 201, 101);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"> 意见这一文种进入公文写作领域，时间较为久远，早在新中国成立初期甚至再往前追溯至新民主主义革命时期，意见一直在党和国家的公务活动之中使用，只是没有被纳入法定公文家族而已。1996年5月3日中共中央办公厅印发的《中国共产党机关公文处理工作条例》以及2000年8月24日国务院公布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》分别将其列为法定公文文种，从而使得意见文种有了正式的“名分”。2012年4月16日中共中央办公厅和国务院办公厅联合印发的《党政机关公文处理工作条例》继续将其规定为“主要公文种类”。与其他文种相比，意见具有一些独特的使用功能，而且在实践中由于人们对其内涵外延缺乏充分、准确的认识和理解，因此往往导致使用的不规范现象。对于意见文种的使用及写作，应当着重把握好如下几个核心问题：</p></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; float: left;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 13px; height: 13px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-left: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 5px; height: 5px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; float: right;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 13px; height: 13px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-right: 4px; margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 5px; height: 5px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px;"><section style="margin-top: 17px; margin-bottom: -19px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; height: 36px;"><section style="margin-left: -1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; line-height: 16px; height: 16px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">1</section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 13px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 13px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; font-size: 24px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">涉及内容的特定指向</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 8px; padding-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section class="" style="margin-top: -8px; margin-right: 5px; margin-left: -5px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"> 使用“意见”文种行文，在内容方面具有确定性。凡属用“意见”文种行文的，其所涉及的内容必须是本机关、本单位在公务活动实践中所遇到的“重大问题”，而且必须是“新问题”。这是意见文种的独具特征，实践中不少文秘人员对此缺乏认识和了解，仅凭主观意志使用，随意性强，是必须引起注意和纠正的。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-bottom: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 556.391px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(-45deg); transform-origin: right bottom 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px;"><section style="margin-top: 17px; margin-bottom: -19px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; height: 36px;"><section style="margin-left: -1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; line-height: 16px; height: 16px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">2</p></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 13px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 13px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; font-size: 24px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">行文方向的特定指向</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 8px; padding-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section class="" style="margin-top: -8px; margin-right: 5px; margin-left: -5px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"> 与其他文种相比，意见在行文方向上具有多向性，不受任何制约。它既可以上行，也可以下行，甚至还可以平行，也正是由于这个缘故，使得意见文种的使用频率很高，特别是从20世纪90年代开始，我们党和国家的高级管理机关都不再习惯于居高临下制发“指示”，而分别使用“通知”尤其是“意见”来取代。可见，意见这个文种的多向性行文特点，就使得它备受人们青睐，在公文写作领域十分活跃。</p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-bottom: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 556.391px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(-45deg); transform-origin: right bottom 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px;"><section style="margin-top: 17px; margin-bottom: -19px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; height: 36px;"><section style="margin-left: -1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; line-height: 16px; height: 16px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">3</p></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 13px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 13px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; font-size: 24px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">内在结构模式的特定指向</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 556.391px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(-45deg); transform-origin: left top 0px;"></section><section class="" style="margin: -8px -7px -8px 5px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"> 在结构布局上，意见文种也具有独特的规律和特点。早在1942年，毛泽东同志就在他的著名演说《反对党八股》中一针见血地指出：“一篇文章或一篇演说，如果是重要的带有指导性质的，总得要提出一个什么问题，接着加以分析，然后总综合起来，指明问题的性质，给以解决的办法，使大家学会提出问题、分析问题和解决问题。”毛泽东同志提出的这个写作思路与框架，可以变换为“是什么(现状)——为什么（原因）——怎么办（方法）”。这种布局模式与意见的写作非常吻合。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px;"><section style="margin-top: 17px; margin-bottom: -19px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; height: 36px;"><section style="margin-left: -1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; line-height: 16px; height: 16px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">4</p></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 13px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 13px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; font-size: 24px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">使用功能的特定指向</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-top: 8px; padding-right: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="padding-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section class="" style="margin-top: -7px; margin-right: -7px; margin-left: 5px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">如前所述，意见文种的行文方向具有多向性。但在实践中当涉及上行文时，人们通常将其与请示和报告混淆不清。值得注意的是，请示与上行意见相比，在行文方向与目的上比较接近，都是要求上级对自己所提的事项或问题给予批准、指示或予以认可。但其所提的事项与内容不尽相同。请示的内容较多涉及的是诸如机构设置、人员编制、资产购置、财政支出等实质性事项，即通常所说的“硬件”，而意见则往往涉及的是有关政策性的问题，提出见解和处理办法，请上级机关定夺，即通常所说的“软件”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">那么，报告中究竟是否还可以提出建议？如果可以，又与上行意见有什么区别？依笔者之见，按照常理意见作为正式文种之后，报告的“提出建议”的功能即行停止。但事实上，向上级机关和单位提交报告，有时又不能决然离开顺带“提出建议”的情形和做法。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-top: -9px; margin-bottom: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 556.391px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(45deg); transform-origin: left bottom 0px;"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px;"><section style="margin-top: 17px; margin-bottom: -19px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 38px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);"></section><section style="margin-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; height: 36px;"><section style="margin-left: -1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 10px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section><section class="" style="margin-top: -2px; margin-left: 1px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 30px; line-height: 16px; height: 16px; border-left-width: 2px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-right-width: 2px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); text-align: center; background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">5</p></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 10px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(142, 201, 101); border-left-width: 16px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 16px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 13px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-right-width: 13px !important; border-right-style: solid !important; border-right-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1; font-size: 24px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;">行文语气的特定指向</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section style="margin-bottom: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 554.391px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(45deg); transform-origin: right top 0px;"></section><section class="" style="margin: -7px 4px -8px -6px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"> 意见文种的行文方向的特殊性，对行文语气产生了不同的影响。要根据意见种类的不同以及行文方向的不同而选用不同的行文语气。其中上行的“意见”，要使用下级对上级汇报见解、陈述办法的语气，用语比较婉转诚恳，意在体现对上级机关的尊重。下行的“意见”与上行意见在用语上有所不同，它较多使用一些带有祈使语气表示肯定或带有禁止语气以示否定的指令性语气。意在对所提出的问题及解决办法予以强调。平行的意见，则要较多使用委婉、谦虚、平和的语气，以体现对对方的平等相待。实践中要注意把握好意见在用语上的特性，由于“意见”的行文方向不同，其用语也就截然不同。</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><font size="3">（此文摘录自《新闻与写作》2017年第8期，作者系中国写作学会副会长，中国公文写作研究会常务副会长兼秘书长，中国公文学研究所副所长、研究员 岳海翔）</font></span></p><p></p>
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