消息写作中的语法逻辑——主谓不调
<p></p><div><br></div><div><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-family: 微软雅黑; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89525" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-style: solid; -webkit-border-image: url("http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/ianq03UUWGmIebdcoXye6usZhicPNzpEicryIoVTt5uZlzpgaYJvVgVyX769ERsSZwjm6bNzBQfxSCpbkdgPZAxbg/0.png") 185 30 45 90 fill stretch; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); border-width: 65px 15px 15px 40px;"><section class="" data-width="100%" style="margin-top: -10px; margin-left: -5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 615px; vertical-align: top; font-size: 14px; line-height: 30px;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">什么叫“主谓不调”</span></strong></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 主语和谓语是句子的两个主要结构成分,二者之间是叙述与被叙述的关系,即谓语对主语加以叙述说明,说明主语怎么样、是什么、做什么等。造句时如果这种关系处理不当,使主语和谓语不相协调,而影响了句意的表达,就是常说的主谓不调。</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-family: 微软雅黑; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="44390" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section data-bcless="darken" style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(197, 200, 204); text-align: center; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(197, 200, 204) 0px 2px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 3px 0px, rgb(197, 200, 204) 0px 4px 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 25px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(197, 200, 204); border-radius: 4px 4px 0px 0px; background-color: rgb(219, 219, 221);"><section style="margin-right: 100px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(173, 173, 173);"><section style="margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(222, 222, 222);"></section><section style="margin-top: -37px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 8px; height: 30px; border: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202); border-radius: 3px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(173, 173, 173);"><section style="margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(222, 222, 222);"></section><section style="margin-top: -37px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 8px; height: 30px; border: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202); border-radius: 3px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 40px 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;">举个例子:</span></strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ①由中国残疾人福利基金会举办的残疾人用车展销会今天上午在北京开始展出。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ②其次,动作完成的技术质量和姿态必须完美无缺,才能使裁判员没办法扣分。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ③丰富的想象,细心的观察及大胆的创造,在刘中身上显露着。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ④人们不禁要问,他的生活为何如此阔绰和挥霍无度?</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ⑤数量迅速发展、质量不断提高的家庭病床,正以越来越明显的活力,出现在本市医疗卫生战线上。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ⑥特别是在大风的情况下,弓弩射手成绩也发挥比较理想,因弓弩的精确性要比气步枪好一些。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> ⑦蜗牛,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、营养丰富的软体动物,肉味细嫩、鲜美,含有几种氨基酸、酶酸、维生素等药用成分,常食用可滋补身体。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> (<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important;">以上列各例均来自正式出版的报纸。不知道大家自己能不能看出这些例子中存在怎样的逻辑错误呢?</span>)</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p></section><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 25.6px; font-family: 微软雅黑; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><section class="" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="44390" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 0px none;"><section data-bcless="darken" style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(197, 200, 204); text-align: center; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 1px 0px, rgb(197, 200, 204) 0px 2px 0px, rgb(255, 255, 255) 0px 3px 0px, rgb(197, 200, 204) 0px 4px 0px;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 25px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(197, 200, 204); border-radius: 4px 4px 0px 0px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(219, 219, 221);"><section style="margin-right: 100px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(173, 173, 173);"><section style="margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(222, 222, 222);"></section><section style="margin-top: -37px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 8px; height: 30px; border: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202); border-radius: 3px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(173, 173, 173);"><section style="margin-top: 30px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 14px; width: 14px; border-radius: 7px; background-color: rgb(222, 222, 222);"></section><section style="margin-top: -37px; margin-left: 2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 8px; height: 30px; border: 1px solid rgb(202, 202, 202); border-radius: 3px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin: 40px 10px; max-width: 100%; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 23.2727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span>以上七例中的主谓不调错误,粗略地说有两种。<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;">一种是全句的主语与谓语的不调</span>,如例①②③④。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 23.2727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span>例①是主、谓各为单项的主谓不调。主语“展销会”与谓语“开始展出”不调;展出的应是“残疾人用车”,而不是“展销会”。可改“开始展出”为“开幕”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 23.2727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span>例②主语为双项,谓语为单项时的主谓不调。双项并列主语“技术质量和姿态”中的前一项与谓语“完美无缺”不协调;“质量”有高、低、优、劣之分,因而可以说“质量高”“质量低劣”之类,但不能说它“完美无缺”;这个词语常用在比较具体的事物上。可在“技术质量”之后加“必须很高”,同时将“和”改为逗号。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 23.2727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span>例③是三项并列主语与单项谓语的主谓不调。主语“想象”“观察”“创造”所表示的都是已经存在和正在进行的行为动作,因此用“显露”这个具有把原来看不见的变成看得见的这种意义的谓语来表示它们,就于理相悖了。可改“想象”为“想象力”、“观察”为“观察力”、“创造”为“创造性”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 23.2727px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> </span>例④是主语为单项谓语为双项的主谓不调。主语“生活”与双项谓语“阔绰和挥霍无度”中的后一项不调。“挥霍无度”是指人任意地乱花钱而无限度。可在“阔绰”之后加“?”,同时删去“和”,在“挥霍无度”之前加“他拿钱又为何如此”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 主谓关系不调的<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;">另一种是句子成分内部的主谓不调</span>。当句子成分是由主谓词组充当的时候,这个词组内部的主谓不调,就属这种类型。<span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important;">如例⑤⑥⑦。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 例⑤主语“家庭病床”之前有两个定语:一是“数量迅速发展”,二是“质量不断提高”,二者皆为主谓词组。其中前者的主语“数量”与谓语“发展”不调。数量的由少到多用“增加”一词表示;应改“发展”为“增加”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 例⑥“弓弩射手……理想”一句中,谓语是主谓词组“成绩也发挥比较理想”;其中主语“成绩”与谓语“发挥”不调。“成绩”是比赛所得到的结果,“发挥”是指把内在的东西表现出来;二者意义上不搭配。此句可改写为“弓弩射手也能取得比较理想的成绩”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 例⑦是个复句,在“肉味……鲜美”这个分句中,主语是“蜗牛”,承前省略;谓语“肉味细嫩、鲜美是个主谓词组。其中主语“肉味”与谓语“细嫩”不调;“肉味”指的是肉的味道,味道好可以说是“鲜美”,但说“细嫩”就不通了,因为“细嫩”是肉质的一种特点。此句可改写如下:“蜗牛……肉质细嫩,肉味鲜美”。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 以上<span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;">所谈的两类主谓不调的毛病,有的是叙述对象弄错造成的</span>,如例①④。例①谓语“开始展出”的叙述对象应是“残疾人用车”,而错为“展销会”;例④谓语“挥霍无度”的叙述对象是“他”,而错为“生活”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(255, 104, 39); box-sizing: border-box !important;">有的是将词义上无搭配关系的词语硬是组合在一起造成的</span>,如例②③⑤⑦诸例。例②的“质量”与“完美无缺”,例③“想象”“观察”“创造”与“显露着”,例⑤“数量”与“发展”,例⑦“肉味”与“细嫩”等,在词义上是皆无搭配关系的。还有的是受词语滥用的不良影响造成的。如例⑥。此例的“发挥”一词,现在在报刊上用得很滥,诸如:“水平发挥”“技术发挥”“速度发挥”“魅力发挥”“感染力发挥”“特点发挥”“精神发挥”“游泳发挥”“效果发挥”等等,这种词语滥用,词语胡乱搭配的现象,几乎是打开报纸或杂志就能看到。在这种词语滥用现象的影响下,“成绩发挥”也就自然地冒出来了。</p><span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> <span style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important;">从以上的分析看来,注意调整好词义的搭配关系,词义的搭配一定要合乎事理;注意调整好结构关系,尤其要注意调整好主语或谓语各有多项的主谓关系,而不顾此失彼;注意鉴别语言实际中那些不规范的东西,不以误为正,主谓不调这类毛病是可以避免和克服的。</span></span></section></section></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">(本文原载于《新闻与写作》 作者:</strong><span style="color: rgb(140, 140, 140); line-height: 20px;">金锡谟</span></p></div>
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