从修辞三要素角度分析十九大报告
<section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">文|焦利</strong></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 8px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209);"><section style="margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 8px; width: 556.391px; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-color: rgb(192, 200, 209); transform: rotate(-45deg); transform-origin: left top 0px;"></section><section class="" style="margin: -8px -7px -8px 5px; padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid rgb(192, 200, 209); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;">【摘要】当代西方修辞学对演讲和劝说技巧的研究，认为修辞的主要目的是获取认同，促使双方达成共识。所以，对话语语篇的分析不能局限在语言的修辞特色上，还需要对话语内容的修辞策略深入探究。文章以习近平在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上所作的报告为研究对象，以亚里士多德的修辞三要素——理性诉求、情感诉求和人品诉求为理论支撑，分析习近平在治国理政中的话语诉求，展现语言背后的“中国力量”。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;">【关键词】习近平；话语诉求；十九大报告</p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德在《修辞学》中提出三种基本修辞论证方法：理性、情感和人品。理性是言语所包含的推理证明；情感是诉诸听众的情绪；人品是演说者自身的品格、信誉。这三种修辞要素在演说中有共同的使用目的——获得听众的认同，即用理性说服听众，用情感打动听众，用个人品格吸引听众。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 2px; width: 124px; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 4px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 19px; background-color: rgb(0, 193, 218);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">一、理性诉求</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">理性诉求就是演讲者通过对原有事实进行说理或者推理来建立自己与听众之间的立场，从而让听众认同并接受自己的观点。陈述事实和列举数据是习近平实施理性诉求的主要方式，其可以增强话语的逻辑性，达到以理服人的效果。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（一）事实胜于雄辩</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-right-width: 8px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-width: 5px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">事实是劝说的基础，也是修辞意图的重要载体。习近平在十九大报告中运用陈述事实这一方式建立话语结构，从而达到演说的目的。比如：</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -0.9em; margin-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（1）在近代以后中国社会的剧烈运动中，在中国人民反抗封建统治和外来侵略的激烈斗争中，在马克思列宁主义同中国工人运动的结合过程中，1921年中国共产党应运而生。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（2）中华民族有五千多年的文明历史，创造了灿烂的中华文明，为人类作出了卓越贡献，成为世界上伟大的民族。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（3）我们党团结带领人民找到了一条以农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的正确革命道路，进行了28年浴血奋战，完成了新民主主义革命，1949年建立了中华人民共和国，实现了中国从几千年封建专制政治向人民民主的伟大飞跃。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section style="margin-top: -0.9em; margin-left: 2em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在十九大报告中，习近平通过陈述这些历史事实建立起话语逻辑基础，同时运用推理来表现其政治理念。这些历史事实为听众展示了我国为实现伟大复兴所作出的努力，使听众对中国领导集体承担历史重任、继续推动国家发展充满信心。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（二）以数据说服听众</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-right-width: 8px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-width: 5px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">列举数据是理性诉求的另一途径。习近平在十九大报告中通过列举数据展现我国在发展中取得的伟大成就，从而提高听众的认可度。比如：</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section style="margin-top: -0.5em; margin-left: 2em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（1）经济保持中高速增长，在世界主要国家中名列前茅，国内生产总值从54万亿元增长到80万亿元，稳居世界第二，对世界经济增长贡献率超过30%。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（2）农业现代化稳步推进，粮食生产能力达到12000亿斤。城镇化率年均提高1.2个百分点，8000多万农业转移人口成为城镇居民。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（3）人民生活不断改善。······脱贫攻坚战取得决定性进展，6000多万贫困人口稳定脱贫，贫困发生率从10.2%下降到4%以下。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">习近平在报告中用具体数据来说明近几年我国经济、农业、民生等问题得到了巨大的改善，准确的数据增强了报告的客观性和权威性。这种理据性也构筑了亲切、可信、可敬的修辞人格，极大地增加了话语获得认同的可能性。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 2px; width: 124px; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 4px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 19px; background-color: rgb(0, 193, 218);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">二、情感诉求</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德在《修辞学》中提出，情感的改变会引起判断的变化，即听众在不同的情感状态下会作出不同的判断。所以，情感诉求的关键是演说者了解听众的心理，掌握听众的需要，激发听众的情感共鸣。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（一）情感合成</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-right-width: 8px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-width: 5px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">任何情感的融合都可以从三个方面来分析，一是人们抒发这种情感的条件；二是受到这种情感感染的人自身；三是话语动机。比如，听众和演说者处于同一发展时代、经历同一社会时期、具有相似的利益诉求，容易产生认同的情感。习近平在十九大报告中，始终围绕人民群众的利益建立话语模式。比如：</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -0.9em; margin-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（1）我国社会主义民主是维护人民根本利益的最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主。发展社会主义民主政治就是要体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力，用制度体系保证人民当家作主。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">（2）保障和改善民生要抓住人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，既尽力而为，又量力而行，一件事情接着一件事情办，一年接着一年干。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section style="margin-top: -0.9em; margin-left: 2em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">演说者在政治演说中善用前提形成某种逻辑修辞，对获得听众认同是非常重要的。上述两段话表明的前提条件是：为人民服务，始终以人民的利益为核心，任何损害人民利益的行为都是不正当的。由此表达的情感诉求是期望得到听众的认可。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">根据亚里士多德的观点，在演说中使用修辞策略是一种手段，可以帮助演说者有效地治理国家，为民众谋取福利。习近平的报告多次强调民心相通，表达了对人民利益的关注，明确提出通过完善民生问题促进可持续发展。通过这种立意为民的表达引起听众强烈的情感共鸣，从而获得支持和拥护。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); background-color: rgb(254, 255, 255);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;">（二）情感渲染</strong></p></section><section style="margin-top: -2px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 8px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-right-width: 8px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(77, 60, 66); border-left-width: 8px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 8px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section><section style="margin-top: -16px; margin-left: 4px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 0px; border-top-width: 6px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-width: 5px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-width: 5px !important; border-left-style: solid !important; border-left-color: transparent !important; border-bottom-width: 6px !important; border-bottom-style: solid !important; border-bottom-color: transparent !important;"></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德在《修辞学》中论述了温和、恐惧、愤怒等多种情绪，指出这些情感因素直接影响人们的行为和态度。演说时，掌握听众的情绪是实现说服的关键，如果听众对演说者所提及的信息感兴趣，就会集中注意力，就容易产生情感共鸣和认同感，也就比较容易被说服。赞美的言辞可以引发喜悦的情绪，赞美是促进演说者与听众的关系、迅速增进双方感情的有效方式。在十九大报告中，习近平就表达了对人民美好品质的赞美，比如：</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="margin-left: auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section style="margin-top: -0.5em; margin-left: 2em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section><section class="" style="padding-right: 0.5em; padding-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">人民是历史的创造者，是决定党和国家前途命运的根本力量。必须坚持人民主体地位，坚持立党为公、执政为民，践行全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨。</p></section></section></section></section></section><section class="" style="margin-bottom: -0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 1.4em; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; width: 2.5em; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(158, 158, 158);"></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">习近平用生动而富有情感的语言进行总结，赞美了人民群众的伟大力量，不仅为深入推动国家的发展、改善民生奠定了基础，而且获得了听众情感上的认同。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 2px; width: 124px; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 4px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 19px; background-color: rgb(0, 193, 218);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">三、人品诉求</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">为了获得听众的认同，演说者不仅要动之以情、晓之以理，还要感之以人品，也就是展示出能赢得尊重和信任并具有感召力的人格来影响听众。修辞人格并不等同于修辞者个人人格，而是演说者通过言辞在修辞过程中建立并展示出的一种为大众所期待的品格。亚里士多德在《修辞学》中对“人品诉求”这一概念作出了经典的阐释，提出了三个基本要素：明智、美德和善意。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德把“明智”解读为“谨慎、智慧”。习近平的语言平实简洁、生动活泼、严肃严谨，又蕴含着无限的智慧。引经据典、形象鲜明，同时又充满个人智慧，这是习近平独特的语言风格。比如，“不忘初心，方得始终”“行百里者半九十”“大道之行，天下为公”等语言，让听众更加信服。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德关于“美德”要素的解读主要涵盖了四点：公正、勇气、自制、庄重。习近平的报告集中体现了中央领导集体的治国理念，创造性地回答了关于国家、民族、人民发展的一系列带有根本性、方向性的重大问题，同时立足于各国的共同发展，给听众留下了深刻的印象。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">亚里士多德在谈论“善意”的时候是将其与性情友好联系在一起的，主要表现为对听众的用意。习近平在十九大报告中展现出友好、包容的心态，语言形象、深刻，讲话基调鲜明，使听众更容易理解。比如提到我国全方位的外交布局，实施“一带一路”倡议，举办20国集体领导人杭州峰会等，倡导构建人类命运共同体，促进全球治理体系变革。这些话语始终站在全球的角度，极具诚待友邦的亲和力，语用效果明显，让听众印象深刻。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; height: 2px; width: 86px; background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></section><section class="" style="margin-top: 4px; padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 19px; background-color: rgb(0, 193, 218);"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em;"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;">四、结论</strong></p></section></section></section></section><section class="" powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-family: -apple-system-font, 'Helvetica Neue', 'PingFang SC', 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', sans-serif; line-height: 25.6px;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"><section class="" style="padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.8;"><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; text-align: justify;">在十九大报告中，习近平结合中国具体实际和发展历程，灵活采用理性诉求、情感诉求和人品诉求等修辞策略，为有效治国理政争取听众的认同。通过习近平的讲话，我们看到了新一届中央领导集体在修辞意识上的转变：开始关注听众的期望和感受，并有意识地采用适当的修辞策略，在讲话中更有效地传达信息和发表观点。</p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">参考文献：</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">1 亚里士多德著，罗念生译《修辞学》，上海人民出版社2006年版。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">2 陈望道《修辞学发凡》，复旦大学出版社2008年版。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">3 《习近平在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告》，</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">4 王妞、袁影《亚里士多德“人品诉诸”的当代阐释》，《外国语言文学》2014年第4期。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">5 唐冠宇、李智宇《习近平主席外交演讲语言艺术探析》，《世纪桥》2014年第5期。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: justify;"><span style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px;">6 曾洁《习近平讲话的语言风格研究》，四川师范大学2016年硕士学位论文。</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em;"><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"></p><p style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: right;">（本文刊于《秘书》2017年第12期）</p></section></section></section><p></p>
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