漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

+ {. W3 E# H- K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ! `2 Z( P! `7 \, H' m. z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, & f) B- r3 l# x7 Y5 ~5 y8 ~0 v# Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, ; ~. P# s+ r$ W7 ?- Y, T- L宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,. s# ~" ~; j- ]. h5 {2 E5 Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( g8 r$ E% P5 {& J! b2 i5 t( t9 H"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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2 J* [8 a8 g- q0 p; U+ v6 R- _1 c, _ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, / v1 B0 N& l" ?9 ^' K宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 7 b% t8 H( z- C6 d/ D5 s6 ]/ H/ wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 6 d* d, J; N) b( q5 _: b/ u& y& E3 o" ?/ C0 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, $ s2 T& k+ I+ n! h& X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, : G: h! E- i. L' Y7 u2 k4 y9 cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 M; y9 I' I7 n% J* p3 P2 O"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 4 f% s: A1 G; M$ x1 J7 J mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, * W0 o' K4 n3 x# {8 s2 p d8 W 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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; X% @: w! u* z0 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, : P- d9 _$ z6 ]' a: b! Q( ^& q& g( w font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

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" e3 s5 J u& U$ ?0 v x mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - S i/ }/ b$ O! S$ F 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 4 Z* i" f& I' Q3 L 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” , l' M; |4 ^* o4 {, t! e& r/ h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ ' H) k, J; |( H* h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / \/ X: s- E; A) v3 x宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, ; J1 s0 G* d% O; T1 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 _, q. Z z6 y& N* p" P"Times New Roman"">前者为因, & c/ [+ }7 J5 W' x, @" @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, ) b* _" }& K4 f+ S' @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 4 a, R( W0 P/ w3 p) N7 |/ s' F; B$ {4 l: i6 tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, . Y; d& Y& w6 O" W" f. ?) N" s. g2 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, b" Z6 D. s) n! C8 ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, # V" p; {& S( R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: 8 m3 n" f T R# M3 u5 \3 S( dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " ]' F8 Z9 r% F9 O/ Q"Times New Roman"">“ 0 s7 T5 a+ z1 a. v( y: nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? % }5 C* a: N0 C2 q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 9 n8 y9 V/ u" R% d3 X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ( a0 f/ a- w L: R7 P& T! k! d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 P( W1 f, B$ z/ G"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: / V* u4 M4 y0 Z+ z/ g, \/ C, {- I9 U3 m2 K- g; r mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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3 q4 X9 i" B# H- Z mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ! y: w9 E) P& s7 n9 a M宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, 0 _3 |, m' e. O' E! G1 qfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( Q% }# j& ]1 @5 C& H"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, 5 M% M- f6 Q) I! Y7 q& wmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 8 p! Q9 ]; f7 L/ t2 t9 h- P font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 2 E8 |6 K/ W+ Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ; {, w: e- x$ { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里7 O* @/ \3 L* Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ; M; C/ C. d g+ j" _' P4 @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(1 O0 e3 Z" R1 u6 F9 E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), ' ], Z) D4 I7 _) tfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 8 ^- c: @' X( e"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用+ K& ^( g- W' ~* I+ Q12.0pt">, % ^* K8 _3 _. ]. M"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, & v+ P: H' |% y. v0 w' Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: I& j2 L/ q [# t+ n& V"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, + k6 @9 H- _& {: |+ U" D: g6 [ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!6 `6 C$ I/ o x" Q* s9 V" Q% {7 S 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, " B6 `, b- ]0 A" k+ u. k* z' bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( _. x) A" U5 I/ d* q# q a"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: 0 j7 v5 j- K0 [/ w2 Bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 2 A( W6 a( `- g+ `1 G, m) _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, % r$ ]! J: Q: ?: ^5 Q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ 3 E- b4 X0 m& v- `. @ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”' N, ?$ {" M6 M3 W8 t12.0pt"> , x# g" V* E2 C( l, A$ y"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

1 m" A6 l+ g) g) i2 |; bmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, % @6 R( i: M" d. R& k* x( o宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 4 @( a5 M5 h; ~# Xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! y1 _1 u6 A! a2 I. x# A$ l4 _5 m& h"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, % X4 \- p& a9 f mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 I h5 X) O: O! V 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, # {0 a( c1 C o9 {! J& J: c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: " h! M, f5 v( h) g4 W"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ ! L1 U; J0 B5 L4 J m9 l; H mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 4 R: V/ [5 a% v$ o8 t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

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9 c: p( J# v/ c, l宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, . `8 i. o3 ?- K0 g8 g font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

 

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( Q* X% I' G5 C. _% r; _mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, % ?, a, g1 s6 u7 y X 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, ! d: c1 J8 o9 u& n1 p0 b& D( afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, / E. ]9 M# S+ T( [5 X- }' Z$ L' s* ~3 ]3 C. G% Xmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 0 o6 p& K7 A7 [1 F9 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # v! v4 x2 p8 w( E4 f8 Q$ i"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,6 b9 D, J0 n3 Q0 W* r: A0 F1 |( u$ A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, / a0 z" X5 x+ O0 y |font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题. y: [+ y7 |' B& c3 j4 e 12.0pt">: 6 a& n+ A# W5 s "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ) U3 k+ S# y4 N5 b9 `3 f0 Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才# j/ Z9 D$ n( v+ d' q12.0pt">, 2 T8 }1 g4 n5 s4 K. ] "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, + d) e1 o/ }8 w6 r( q; O8 \font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; 7 M/ I& p9 O+ n5 j& smso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 4 t3 X2 C# n2 P* x6 d0 V宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 8 b- N% n# `1 r0 w' q9 f2 y( O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 5 l" C; ]9 @2 ~"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题 Z8 S2 u3 `! Y7 _. c" F7 G% w12.0pt">; + ^. b; x; q, Q2 b* K x/ {! d+ w"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 8 N R7 w# T I T7 }font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求+ e- Z7 l* v5 D5 K12.0pt">: 1 a5 ?4 u J4 t: _"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; % @5 i3 p3 Q9 S7 _9 H5 g1 q font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 ?5 e/ s1 h( s1 p"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, : O Q1 {, E, x* \ U6 o3 omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 9 B& v' L6 J$ ~0 \& O3 n+ G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: & W& k# R5 @7 X1 k) c5 U* H {"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统0 M1 _ S$ x9 E+ R$ p12.0pt">:

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! E9 }8 w. p+ n2 F$ N! p! Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 9 u+ V! Y! H- c1 Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” f( }( M' v3 a8 S5 o5 u# {! q宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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/ O- Y" T, a5 E# S- o3 N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, : T' R, e/ |# }7 ~' n2 m' l0 i+ W1 _; r: V+ M font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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- b# l7 d- Z H1 ~2 Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ; f M" J4 y; f4 u. O font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, # Z8 v; i; T$ f: C; V- ~* [ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, ( ~, n$ z' h0 k1 {& m) t8 X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, ' @: @- Z* Q1 Q# U. p% Q& Qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 I1 o: r( C% |+ |6 Z9 o) Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 9 i7 t. W {7 { mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, $ }0 H7 x' P0 x: F, m& Z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: * j' @' Z' P/ j font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, & V% z/ P7 G( @mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, & G8 ~5 A0 f, M! `/ Z' I D font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # M8 R, s6 A5 e& g: P) f"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 3 `. e+ c2 W, g$ F, z& b宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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+ J" C) z% a" K6 d1 d mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,7 Z. ?! r! W8 a7 `! Y1 b9 R/ ? font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: . Q$ y" n! u5 H) s% ^$ x"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定2 w% s0 L7 P1 f J' A" X 12.0pt">, ; P) Y/ Z- h( H% d/ e4 a+ c0 B "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 2 U0 w/ W& G/ _6 Z! p! U2 W font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - e6 m& f) x, H% f2 G4 T& X"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:+ J8 Q) t# N4 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, - l+ Q) e" t0 R4 w, Z [' b# _宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, * o/ j$ v8 U _: x font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 3 d. Q Y. V, A# Y: rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, ' m, k( Q2 g7 v3 V; H2 lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 E' j4 |, B4 M1 A"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: 0 v4 @- f2 [% z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - j# v% i, p. j2 u* U% Y4 H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, . ]3 R$ K# O8 n( u( f' l2 ^ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊