3 A; L5 h) T. }$ ]/ e. T: _+ ?
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, * F# d- N& J/ k: f: O t3 k/ C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, * N" s s- `9 h( d% p2 Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& Y3 \ D8 N, P* Z2 x! L0 h5 G
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 3 Y; \0 }* B+ r+ v+ v+ e
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,$ |0 X. r# K( P, G8 K7 ]
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ R+ o+ j4 `1 Y/ p/ Y"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 # k; `, \) X1 [8 g# h
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, # T/ r+ {2 s# Z4 L& s' r9 F
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, : A* X' J% z- D: ^; p& _/ p6 efont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:# P9 g5 @( J' t( M' m
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
n3 B/ {2 E( C4 S3 o- P: v( O$ `) m: }! U6 s$ U5 w4 [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, : X, G% A d) p4 Y
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 1 G7 B! [* d s/ m
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
2 g! ?4 d7 o0 p1 G3 G G' \, {"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 2 g8 {* H8 A# r# S5 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, 5 y9 E$ f' V- z; [. i6 Y, a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。 . a: E7 D& N* V' x1 z
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( |, z- W: i8 S4 C宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,$ `1 p9 M$ }4 d2 R2 u
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font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
; k5 r- A2 @+ Q) h/ g' ?"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构 / {! z/ ~* R# ?3 H7 A
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( H2 K# V5 Y; E, } p8 q4 \( Z8 G$ X: Z0 A) @
. ?: V3 i& Z& c. [' _' ?0 Lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, 5 c, T% Z e7 w3 o n6 V' i# l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ 2 f$ {! M' n$ } \8 V9 p
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” 6 N j0 ?9 J7 o
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ . {' r0 Q6 u1 O' m8 \' P5 @宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” / F9 x9 ]8 S6 ~2 D/ j+ f, t) ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, + T) ^6 _8 v* d* p" p s; E& D+ x* rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 K \. F5 n9 v/ G"Times New Roman"">前者为因, ! `5 K6 c* ^# R! |0 E& Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, , v, `2 z3 |2 u/ Ofont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 G6 u) l$ E+ a/ f& O+ d"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,8 ~/ \! x) j; M8 B
% H6 [ P5 A5 E6 K; c D _, h
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ) x5 g" S/ E( V `3 J I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, + a- ?1 I# X0 w1 Z! @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 g+ H' O$ y' {4 }' J
"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, 7 f0 S& i# K. |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: - h7 W8 N) a6 ]& A/ t) E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
% g/ R: m6 U( |1 d8 J# N; A" E. p/ u"Times New Roman"">“ ; `/ U: C3 H/ e v1 vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? ! f: Y4 a+ o& }; C' @8 S宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” ' ~2 ? G4 W6 u( U$ Z
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, ( R% e' o3 n2 N+ E+ K& E4 Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ q5 Q/ a5 p$ a- m# C
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。
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% u) E C# v# ~: n/ f# `8 z! D8 C; g% I3 x9 `0 r- `mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ( l# r1 ^2 ]# t" Q( |
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, / ], j" y7 A- ^' }4 y" Yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; p* }. j/ l: ]
"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 4 j! w! `& l1 _
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: z8 n1 J# ~, R- C7 U3 `
"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, ; Z! s9 w1 g D2 Y* Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 ) ]8 g1 ?1 S! y mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里1 H+ i; [1 `# m+ pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 ; ^$ c2 c& D* e5 K3 \& d" Ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元() K: W! m5 `5 Q; ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), & a+ P/ @% B# s H! r: |& Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: p! ]% W1 _+ k+ x9 n. y, A
"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用2 C; L; u3 w0 g* `
12.0pt">, - d$ k$ H" B# C- P: V"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, . g1 O3 q1 g7 J& c' ]5 k# \1 H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:' b7 P) K! J( R }; Z: A7 k# ?
"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, ! d. E' e% c: L
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!2 H1 y- B: E5 `+ m: Y; P
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 4 c! d' U h, x! k7 l: r
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:, r7 ^( s& n! I# w
"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: ' ~; n* w1 y; Y: C3 Z1 V4 P
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, " |+ P% J e( C5 T6 d
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, % K& D- i* _) f7 E! T |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:. [1 @3 O) j4 m2 U- S
"Times New Roman"">“ ( O! M F& b d5 v3 Dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”9 Q6 S$ v+ z _) z. e12.0pt"> + y% i, L! ~' M0 |& R) P$ m
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 2 y4 }! {$ G2 `% H9 l( v4 }# Y5 [
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# C \0 A/ H5 q) k D% h. G$ ^6 A' X( c# t! dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, / o% ~0 d2 v' e" j( Z+ N* u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, 5 N+ r6 M V% E
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
" f, S7 g M/ Y7 U$ U"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 0 l9 u2 }5 I' G ?4 Q! ^6 h1 cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 7 p4 Z! s* ]' A7 l2 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, 2 E2 K, Y; B6 O+ y9 R2 h
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 E$ Z. O7 l: R( ]* u3 V
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 0 z7 }' v5 G' L' k4 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 8 D d9 e8 `8 {8 [0 r宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。 " W8 e. @/ F: N Y" O
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,2 ?4 r2 D1 s" b3 l* c
* d; W' X8 u; d( q( J3 q. z
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 A8 V# T5 F& C* T* K"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
# W# C* |6 s) }# W
8 N% u, s4 U" U# o7 X7 K
8 S0 _% f" L4 b3 E' x x& m$ F6 s- r- s" ~2 d! b, _
4 p5 E4 Z2 f; {
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, 6 h4 j/ d% R5 F+ D9 M$ Y6 l
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, * E& L6 Z6 I) c, Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
& e: q& q0 a' n( q9 b b: X5 r"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,% E1 A: m; x( i0 D% e* E' a7 M
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 1 i$ t& w) \$ J( ?- e; C) vfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:) g: ?5 m" b4 u4 G7 x/ k
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,) X! A8 G2 e' n& w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 3 D* Z) H* t/ a q, _; |8 ?2 V3 dfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* l$ I( g% r# J* O% O3 A" V e4 s"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题2 \: a; Y! n; S% ]12.0pt">: # c/ h9 @; C! c: q k! C* T"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: : b* U7 m c# m3 H, f# h7 c# m
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:3 r, ]" Y H7 }" d# M8 {7 ^
"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才( P1 L2 b# D% b& f w7 Z, U
12.0pt">, 2 S2 n6 w- X3 W4 m" ?
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - P' p. M9 W# J; |
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ [. b% O0 m, m* M0 T
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; , d( z( v/ e+ s1 q1 `' z' [
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, & T" x( R& l& o/ a% T4 q7 ]* H
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, ( B9 w2 d9 @5 `" H s+ D8 \" H3 U2 C) z7 H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; G$ S' s5 |3 ?5 U
"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题; y4 ^& \" v ]; u" ~6 d2 X
12.0pt">; * s/ m" ?- c& A"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, . B% B' U2 D; _8 `6 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
* f# y. G- g; R# b8 M9 E"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求6 ~) I6 i6 Y. M) l8 L( S$ `9 z
12.0pt">: " G0 Z$ J/ n) d3 y6 R1 {- T
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; ) T: N+ {' I) B+ T+ O5 mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 a! P# X: v0 I5 B- i"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, # U m: r- F( u. cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, # l8 r( o7 M8 Z) p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
5 ? s# o; E8 e% i6 k7 n"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统2 E5 a: F& Z' j8 z- n6 v3 J
12.0pt">:
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0 H0 q) d7 G0 }( I5 d* E
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! p( M" x' _* N0 g1 Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ / m' M* e( ?# z% O. a% `宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” c# Q& |3 T. u/ R: M# {* I! f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
( {$ c/ W2 X& o1 P* z) V- A! o& |/ l; I3 i* ^6 x' o( `
T5 v" L# P3 y: p) x
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# A; X. l1 K0 m! d: Q5 L7 qmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 4 M3 U( |, w& X; Y0 @/ W
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 6 B1 m% l5 F& e& J2 h# ^
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0 J+ c1 ~3 h" U& Z+ u. _: W9 v6 t6 m7 w宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
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"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构 v, r( \( k) r( r0 o! [
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, ( @$ G6 f7 p& H6 s1 d4 ^
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! X# N/ P/ v$ f0 Q2 w"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, % U7 g* M' f/ [" f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, " Q! J6 N, W& Rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:% o. r1 `1 Z+ c
"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,$ S. u# Z% w4 \) O( f& o
5 p- v( ?0 k) Mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 5 U5 _, @8 e! f9 E" n7 I
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:/ K0 p0 ~; N9 v. g8 G( ]
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, @) j0 O8 z" h/ Z. p/ mmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 2 D* t: o4 t+ G8 a& v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 5 K& u+ ~" A( F1 Z! h# q) O. Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 I1 U! h9 R* m1 e" ]" s- b" V"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, $ P7 h( ^1 p) ~# R4 N1 R
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, 9 K: N! f7 g, Z5 u Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) ?& b0 D0 z, a& p7 z"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, + Q: R' \; s/ S" g
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上, Q6 D/ V: Q V, M" J/ K) xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) R1 D# O' G/ {" {3 e% B"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定 N4 A% q% ]1 Z+ P# {12.0pt">, : I: G% H! U* j; u# ?) F0 C
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, & i+ [4 @; p3 f$ S% }3 A: M3 R" Sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: m& Y9 _- m9 g# ?
"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:2 S% e" s, C# v8 M0 a
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, . K+ h8 @( _- j1 q1 E" ?4 x& p$ g宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, * A& E4 u/ h( E# y! ?/ Ufont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:2 q& [) l& U. M1 W& M- v
"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, 5 L$ H: G) H1 V0 F. ?/ u4 ~
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 6 A$ ?8 y/ G; j5 @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* z' Z, a* J; L
"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: : ?) ~7 G/ Z. P9 N1 `
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ ) O" I' m+ J9 t2 o" N宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, 0 X) t. ~/ C+ z' Pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; ~8 t0 s2 t' q: C
"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |